Making projects is the best way to take what you learn and put it into action. While these projects may seem simple and easy, they play a crucial role in building a strong foundation in Python programming. I've created these projects to cover most of the fundamentals in Python, ensuring that anyone can learn and improve their coding skills through hands-on practice.

1. Quiz Game

What is it? A simple quiz game where the computer asks questions and the player answers them.

Concepts used:

• Lists and tuples
• Random module
• Loops
• Conditional statements
• User input handling
• Score tracking

How it works: The game starts by welcoming the player and asking if they want to play. It then presents a series of randomized questions from a predefined list. The player's answers are checked, and their score is updated accordingly. The game provides feedback on each answer and displays the final score at the end.

import random  # Import the random module for shuffling

print("Welcome to the Quiz Game")  # Print welcome message
wanna_play = input("Do you want to play the game (yes/no): ").lower()  # Ask if the user wants to play
if wanna_play != 'yes':  # If user does not want to play, quit
    quit()
print("Okay, then! Let's play")  # Print message to start the game

# Creating a list of tuples containing questions and answers 
question_answer_pairs = [
    ("What does CPU stand for?", "Central Processing Unit"),
    ("Which programming language is known as the 'mother of all languages'?", "C"),
    ("What does HTML stand for?", "HyperText Markup Language"),
    # ... (more questions)
]

# Shuffle the list of tuples to ensure random order
random.shuffle(question_answer_pairs)

score = 0

# Iterate through the shuffled list of tuples 
for question, correct_answer in question_answer_pairs:
    user_answer = input(f"{question} ").strip()  # Ask the question and get user input
    if user_answer.lower() == correct_answer.lower():  # Check if the answer is correct
        print("Correct answer")
        score  = 1  # Increase score for a correct answer
    else:
        print(f"Incorrect answer. The correct answer is: {correct_answer}")
        score -= 1  # Decrease score for an incorrect answer
    print(f"Current Score: {score}")

# Print the final score
print(f"Quiz over! Your final score is {score}/{len(question_answer_pairs)}")

2. Number Guessing Game (Computer Guesses)

What is it? A number guessing game where the computer tries to guess a number chosen by the user.

Concepts used:

• Functions
• Loops
• Conditional statements
• User input handling
• Binary search algorithm

How it works: The user defines a range and chooses a number within that range. The computer then uses a binary search approach to guess the number, with the user providing feedback on whether the guess is too high, too low, or correct. The game continues until the computer guesses correctly or determines that the number is outside the specified range.

def guess_number():
    """
    Function where the computer attempts to guess a number chosen by the user within a specified range.

    The user defines the lower and upper bounds of the range and provides a number for the computer to guess.
    The computer uses a binary search approach to guess the number and the user provides feedback to guide it.
    """
    # Get the lower bound of the range from the user
    low = int(input("Enter the lower range: "))
    # Get the upper bound of the range from the user
    high = int(input("Enter the higher range: "))

    # Check if the provided range is valid
    if low >= high:
        print("Invalid range. The higher range must be greater than the lower range.")
        return  # Exit the function if the range is invalid

    # Get the number from the user that the computer will attempt to guess
    Your_number = int(input(f"Enter your number for the computer to guess between {low} and {high}: "))

    # Check if the number entered by the user is within the specified range
    if Your_number  high:
        print("The number you entered is out of the specified range.")
        return  # Exit the function if the number is out of the range

    # Initialize the computer's guess variable
    computer_guess = None

    # Loop until the computer guesses the correct number
    while computer_guess != Your_number:
        # Compute the computer's guess as the midpoint of the current range
        computer_guess = (low   high) // 2
        print(f"The computer guesses: {computer_guess}")

        # Get feedback from the user about the computer's guess
        feedback = input(f"Is {computer_guess} too low, too high, or correct? (Enter 'h' for higher, 'l' for lower, 'c' for correct): ").strip().lower()

        # Process the user's feedback to adjust the guessing range
        if feedback == 'c':
            if computer_guess == Your_number:
                print("The computer guessed your number correctly! Congrats!")
                return  # Exit the function once the correct number is guessed
            else:
                continue  
        elif feedback == 'h':
            high = computer_guess - 1  # If the guess is too high, lower the upper range
        elif feedback == 'l':
            low = computer_guess   1  # If the guess is too low, increase the lower range
        else:
            print("Invalid feedback, please enter 'h', 'l', or 'c'.")  # Handle invalid feedback

# Call the function to start the guessing game
guess_number()

3. Number Guessing Game (User Guesses)

What is it? A number guessing game where the user tries to guess a randomly generated number.

Concepts used:

• Functions
• Random module
• Loops
• Conditional statements
• Exception handling
• User input validation

How it works: The computer generates a random number within a specified range. The user then makes guesses, and the program provides feedback on whether the guess is too high or too low. The game continues until the user guesses the correct number or decides to quit.

import random  # Import the random module to use its functions for generating random numbers

def guess_random_number(number):
    """
    Function to allow the user to guess a random number between 1 and the specified `number`.
    This function generates a random integer between 1 and the provided `number` (inclusive).
    It then repeatedly prompts the user to guess the random number, providing feedback on whether
    the guess is too high or too low, until the correct number is guessed. The function handles
    invalid inputs by catching exceptions and informing the user to enter a valid integer.
    """
    # Generate a random number between 1 and the specified `number` (inclusive)
    random_number = random.randint(1, number)
    guess = None  # Initialize the variable `guess` to None before starting the loop

    # Loop until the user guesses the correct number
    while guess != random_number:
        try:
            # Prompt the user to enter a number between 1 and `number`
            guess = int(input(f"Enter a number between 1 and {number}: "))

            # Provide feedback based on whether the guess is too low or too high
            if guess  random_number:
                print("Too high, guess a smaller number.")

        except ValueError:
            # Handle the case where the user inputs something that isn't an integer
            print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid integer.")

    # Congratulate the user once they guess the correct number
    print("You have guessed the random number correctly. Congrats!")

# Call the function with an upper limit of 10
guess_random_number(10)

4. Hangman Game

What is it? A classic word guessing game where the player tries to guess a hidden word letter by letter.

Concepts used:

• Importing modules
• Random selection from a list
• String manipulation
• Loops
• Conditional statements
• List comprehension

How it works: The game selects a random word from a predefined list. The player then guesses letters one at a time. Correct guesses reveal the letter's position in the word, while incorrect guesses reduce the player's remaining lives. The game ends when the player guesses the entire word or runs out of lives.

import random
from word_list import words  # Import the words from word_list.py file

def hangman():
    random_word = random.choice(words)  # Generate the random word
    print(random_word)  # Print the chosen word for testing purposes; remove in production

    word_display = ["_"] * len(random_word)  # Create blank lines "_" equal to the length of the word
    guessed_letters = []  # Empty list to store the letters that have been guessed
    lives = 5  # Number of lives for the player

    print("Welcome to Hangman!")  # Print welcome statement
    print(" ".join(word_display))  # Display the current state of the word

    while lives > 0:  # The game continues to run as long as the player has more than 0 lives
        user_guess = input("Enter a single letter for your guess: ").lower()  # Ask the player to input a letter

        # Check whether the player entered a valid input
        if len(user_guess) != 1 or not user_guess.isalpha():
            print("Invalid input. Please enter a single letter.")
            continue

        # Check if the letter has already been guessed
        if user_guess in guessed_letters:
            print(f"You've already guessed '{user_guess}'. Try another guess.")
            continue

        # Add the guessed letter to the guessed_letters list
        guessed_letters.append(user_guess)

        # Check if the guessed letter is in the random_word
        if user_guess in random_word:
            # Update word_display with the correctly guessed letter
            for index, letter in enumerate(random_word):
                if letter == user_guess:
                    word_display[index] = user_guess
            print("Good guess!")
        else:
            lives -= 1  # Reduce the number of remaining lives by 1 for an incorrect guess
            print(f"Wrong guess! Remaining lives: {lives}")

        # Display the current state of the word
        print(" ".join(word_display))

        # Check if the player has guessed all letters
        if "_" not in word_display:
            print("Congratulations, you guessed the word!")
            break

    else:
        # This runs if no lives are left
        print(f"You have run out of lives. The word was: {random_word}")

hangman()  # Function to start the game

5.Rock Paper Scissors

What is it? A classic "Rock, Paper, Scissors" game where the user plays against the computer.

Concepts used:

• Loops
• Conditional statements
• Functions
• Random module
• User input handling

How it works: The user chooses either rock, paper, or scissors, while the computer randomly picks one of the options as well. The program then compares the choices, determines the winner, and asks the user if they want to play again.

import random  # Import the random module to generate random choices for the computer.

def playGame():
    while True:  # Infinite loop to keep the game running until the user decides to stop.
        # Ask the user to enter their choice and convert it to lowercase.
        user_choice = input("Enter 'r' for rock, 'p' for paper, 's' for scissors: ").strip().lower()

        # Check if the user input is valid (i.e., 'r', 'p', or 's').
        if user_choice not in ['r', 'p', 's']:
            print("Invalid Input. Please try again.")
            continue  # If the input is invalid, restart the loop.

        print(f"You chose {user_choice}")  # Display the user's choice.

        # Computer randomly picks one of the choices ('r', 'p', 's').
        computer_choice = random.choice(['r', 'p', 's'])
        print(f"The computer chose {computer_choice}")  # Display the computer's choice.

        # Check if the user's choice is the same as the computer's choice.
        if user_choice == computer_choice:
            print("It's a tie.")  # It's a tie if both choices are the same.
        elif _iswinner(user_choice, computer_choice):
            print("You won!")  # The user wins if their choice beats the computer's choice.
        else:
            print("You lost.")  # The user loses if the computer's choice beats theirs.

        # Ask the user if they want to play again.
        play_again = input("Do you want to play again? Enter 'yes' or 'no': ").strip().lower()

        # If the user doesn't enter 'yes', end the game.
        if play_again != 'yes':
            print("Thank you for playing!")  # Thank the user for playing.
            break  # Exit the loop and end the game.

def _iswinner(user, computer):
    # Determine if the user's choice beats the computer's choice.
    # Rock ('r') beats Scissors ('s'), Scissors ('s') beat Paper ('p'), Paper ('p') beats Rock ('r').
    if (user == "r" and computer == "s") or (user == "p" and computer == "r") or (user == "s" and computer == "p"):
        return True  # Return True if the user wins.

# Start the game by calling the playGame function.
playGame()

6. 2 User Tick Tack Toe

What is it Tic-Tac-Toe is a classic two-player game where players take turns marking spaces on a 3x3 grid. The goal is to be the first to get three of their marks in a row, either horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. The game ends when one player achieves this, or when all spaces on the grid are filled without a winner, resulting in a draw.

*Concepts used: *

• Function Definition and Calling
• Data Structures (2D List)
• Loops (for, while)
• Conditional Statements (if, else)
• Input Handling and Validation
• Game State Management
• String Formatting
• Exception Handling

def print_board(board):
    """Prints the game board in a structured format with borders."""
    print("\n --- --- --- ")  # Print the top border of the board
    for row in board:
        # print each row with cell values separated by borders
        print("| "   " | ".join(row)   " |")
        # print the border after each row
        print(" --- --- --- ")

def check_winner(board):
    """Checks for a winner or a draw."""
    # define all possible winning lines: rows, columns, and diagonals
    lines = [
        [board[0][0], board[0][1], board[0][2]],  # Row 1
        [board[1][0], board[1][1], board[1][2]],  # Row 2
        [board[2][0], board[2][1], board[2][2]],  # Row 3
        [board[0][0], board[1][0], board[2][0]],  # Column 1
        [board[0][1], board[1][1], board[2][1]],  # Column 2
        [board[0][2], board[1][2], board[2][2]],  # Column 3
        [board[0][0], board[1][1], board[2][2]],  # Diagonal from top-left to bottom-right
        [board[0][2], board[1][1], board[2][0]]   # Diagonal from top-right to bottom-left
    ]

    # Check each line to see if all three cells are the same and not empty
    for line in lines:
        if line[0] == line[1] == line[2] and line[0] != ' ':
            return line[0]  # Return the player ('X' or 'O') who has won

    # Check if all cells are filled and there is no winner
    if all(cell != ' ' for row in board for cell in row):
        return 'Draw'  # Return 'Draw' if the board is full and no winner

    return None  # Return None if no winner and the game is not a draw

def main():
    """Main function to play the Tic Tac Toe game."""
    # Initialize the board with empty spaces
    board = [[' ' for _ in range(3)] for _ in range(3)]
    current_player = 'X'  # Start with player 'X'

    while True:
        print_board(board)  # Print the current state of the board

        try:
            # Prompt the current player for their move
            move = input(f"Player {current_player}, enter your move (1-9): ")
            move = int(move)  # Convert the input to an integer

            # Check if the move is valid (between 1 and 9)
            if move  9:
                print("Invalid move, try again.")
                continue  # Ask for a new move

        except ValueError:
            # Handle cases where the input is not an integer
            print("Invalid move, try again.")
            continue  # Ask for a new move

        # Convert the move number to board coordinates (row, col)
        row, col = divmod(move - 1, 3)

        # Check if the cell is already occupied
        if board[row][col] != ' ':
            print("Cell already occupied. Choose a different cell.")
            continue  # Ask for a new move

        # Place the current player's mark on the board
        board[row][col] = current_player

        # Check if there is a winner or if the game is a draw
        winner = check_winner(board)

        if winner:
            print_board(board)  # Print the final board state
            if winner == 'Draw':
                print("The game is a draw!")
            else:
                print(f"Player {winner} wins!")  # Announce the winner
            break  # End the game

        # Switch players
        current_player = 'O' if current_player == 'X' else 'X'

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()  # Start the game

7. Password Manager

What is it? A simple password manager that allows users to store and retrieve encrypted passwords.

Concepts used:

• File I/O operations
• Encryption using the cryptography library
• Functions
• Exception handling
• User input handling
• Loops

How it works: The program uses the Fernet symmetric encryption from the cryptography library to securely store passwords. Users can add new passwords or view existing ones. Passwords are stored in an encrypted format in a text file, and decrypted when viewed.

from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

# The write_key function generates an encryption key and saves it to a file.
# It's currently commented out, but you need to run it once to create the 'key.key' file.
'''
def write_key():
    key = Fernet.generate_key()
    with open("key.key", "wb") as key_file:
        key_file.write(key)
'''

def load_key():
    """This function loads the encryption key from the 'key.key' file."""
    file = open("key.key", "rb")
    key = file.read()
    file.close()
    return key

# Load the key and create a Fernet object
key = load_key()
fer = Fernet(key)

def view():
    """Function to view stored passwords in the 'passwords.txt' file"""
    with open('passwords.txt', 'r') as f:
        for line in f.readlines():
            data = line.rstrip()
            user, passw = data.split("|")
            decrypted_password = fer.decrypt(passw.encode()).decode()
            print("User:", user, "| Password:", decrypted_password)

def add():
    """Function to add new account names and passwords to the 'passwords.txt' file"""
    name = input('Account Name: ')
    pwd = input("Password: ")
    with open('passwords.txt', 'a') as f:
        encrypted_password = fer.encrypt(pwd.encode()).decode()
        f.write(name   "|"   encrypted_password   "\n")

# Main loop to ask the user what they want to do: view passwords, add new passwords, or quit
while True:
    mode = input(
        "Would you like to add a new password or view existing ones (view, add), press q to quit? ").lower()

    if mode == "q":
        break
    if mode == "view":
        view()
    elif mode == "add":
        add()
    else:
        print("Invalid mode.")
        continue

Thanks for stopping and reading the blog.
Github Repo : https://github.com/iamdipsan/Python-Projects