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SQL Server: Choose a function or a stored procedure?

Posted on 2025-04-15
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SQL Server: Function or Stored Procedure – Which Should You Choose?

SQL Server Functions and Stored Procedures: Selection Guide

In SQL Server, choosing a function or a stored procedure depends on the specific task requirements. The following analysis will help you make informed decisions:

function

Functions are specifically used to return scalar values, such as calculations, string operations, or conditional evaluation. They cannot make permanent changes to the database (for example, INSERT or UPDATE statements). Functions can be embedded directly into SQL statements or used to join to retrieve results.

Store procedure

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On the other hand, stored procedures are PL/SQL blocks that encapsulate multiple SQL statements. They are mainly used to perform complex database operations such as data retrieval, operations, or business logic. A stored procedure can have parameters, execute multiple statements, and can return output or modify the database.

When should I use the function

  • When you need to calculate or operate the result as a scalar value.
  • When you want to simplify queries by referencing calculations or operations that reusable components.
  • When calculation or operation does not require database modification.

When should I use stored procedure

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  • When you need to perform multiple operations, control execution processes, or handle complex business logic.
  • When you need to interact with multiple tables, perform updates, or insert or execute transactions.
  • When you want to encapsulate reusable logic and simplify maintenance.

Other precautions

As @Sean K Anderson emphasizes, functions follow the definition of computer science functions, i.e. return values ​​without changing parameters. On the other hand, stored procedures can modify data, have optional parameters, and do not always return values.

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